Gut immunity in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): a review

In this review, we summarize and discuss the trends and supporting findings in scientific literature on the gut mucosa immune role in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Overall, the purpose is to provide an updated overview of the gastrointestinal tract functional regionalization and defence barriers. A description of the available information regarding immune cells found in two immunologically-relevant intestinal compartments, namely epithelium and lamina propria, is provided. Attention has been also paid to mucosal immunoglobulins and to the latest research investigating gut microbiota and dietary manipulation impacts. Finally, we review oral vaccination strategies, as a safe method for sea bass vaccine delivery.