Multistability and Hysteresis in an edge-flame in the near-wake of a fuel injector using the Newton-Krylov method

In this work we enable the robust and free open source computational fluid dynamics OpenFOAM code, to successfully trace a complete solution branch, even past turning points. Here the so-called Generalized Minimal RESidual algorithm (GMRES) is implemented as a computational shell "wrapped" around OpenFOAM, in conjunction with a pseudo arc-length method for convergence on the unstable branch. In addition, to investigate the stability and the presence of static or dynamic bifurcations, the ten largest eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix are calculated for each solution. The case study is the stabilization of an edge-flame in the near-wake of a fuel injector with a realistically computed flow.