Optimized LIPS elemental depth profiling of bronzes using 3D microscopy

Compositional depth profiling represents the main analytical advantage of laser-induced plasma spectroscopy (LIPS or LIBS) with respect to other non-invasive elemental techniques. Most of the characterization problems in conservation of cultural heritage concern inhomogeneous compositions and superposition of material layers, which can provide information on original manufacturing processes, later intentional applications, and/or deterioration phenomena. These often require relatively deep analytical profiling, as we have shown for example by approaching the study of archaeological copper alloy artifacts. Here, we focused on the optimization of LIPS depth profiling of bronze samples through 3D morphological examinations of the microcraters associated with different laser irradiation conditions.