Wind-induced variability in the Northern Current (northwestern Mediterranean Sea) as depicted by a multi-platform observing system

The variability and evolution of the Northern Current (NC) in the area off Toulon is studied for 2 weeks in December 2011 using data from a glider, a high-frequency (HF) radar network, vessel surveys, a weather station, and an atmospheric model. The NC variability is dominated by a synoptic response to wind events, even though the dataset also evidences early stages of transition from late summer to fall-winter conditions. With weak winds, the current is mostly zonal and in geostrophic balance even at the surface, with a zonal transport associated with the NC of ? 1 Sv. Strong westerly wind events (longer than 2-3 days) induce an interplay between the direct-wind-induced ageostrophic response and the geostrophic component: upwelling is observed, with offshore surface transport, surface cooling, flattening of the isopycnals, and reduced zonal geostrophic transport (0.5-0.7 Sv). The sea surface response to wind events, as observed by the HF radar, shows total currents rotated at ? -55 to -90° to the right of the wind. Performing a decomposition between geostrophic and ageostrophic components of the surface currents, the wind-driven ageostrophic component is found to rotate by ? -25 to -30° to the right of the wind. The ageostrophic component magnitude corresponds to ? 2% of the wind speed.