Nanoporous carbons from hydrothermally treated biomass as anode materials for lithium ion batteries

Biomass is transformed to carbon nanoparticles with surface-end groups called 'hydrochar' (HC) by an efficient and green hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) method. Three different approaches are used to introduce porosity to the HC: sole heat treatment, traditional potassium hydroxide (KOH) activation, and environmentally benign magnesium oxide (MgO) templating. All the resulting microporous materials are tested as Li-ion intercalation hosts in lithium cells by using an 1 M LiPF6 in EC/DMC electrolyte solution. They all show stable reversible capacities at elevated current rates (1C), closely comparable to the maximum theoretical capacity of graphite. Among all the materials studied, the HC-MA with a surface area of 150 m(2) g(-1) and obtained by MgO templating of the hydrochar shows the best cycling performance in lithium cell at room temperature (307 mAh g(-1), at cycle 100 at 1C). The HC-600 with the highest degree of aromaticity/order, lowest content of oxygen functional groups and surface area of 250 m(2) g(-1), obtained by heating the hydrochar at 600 degrees C under inert atmosphere, shows the best power and overall performance with its ability to sustain high discharge/charge rates (1C, 2C, 5C, 10C, 20C). These electrochemical performances attained with materials of reasonable specific surface areas - obtained by green, low cost and practical strategies - can address the space limitations in Li-ion battery applications by improving volumetric energy densities. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.