Seasonal variation for leaf bromatological traits and its relationship with phenolic composition in a Mediterranean population of Plantago lanceolata L. under exploitation for multiple uses

Plantago lanceolata L. (plantain) has broad distribution in grasslands throughout the temperate world and can improve feed quality and quantity of pastures, especially in late summer and autumn. Additionally, its extended growth season, deep root system and drought tolerance make plantain a promising pioneer plant for quarry rehabilitation based on the use of native species. Unfortunately, very little information is still available regarding seasonal variations in the bromatological composition of plantain grown in Mediterranean environment. Our research conducted in Sardinia (Italy), aimed at evaluating the effects of different seasons and environmental conditions (cultivation in open field vs. quarry recovery) on the leaf bromatological composition of a plantain Mediterranean population as well as the relationship between bromatological and phenolic composition based on a chemometric approach. Crude protein values ranged from 3 to 15% at Field in summer, neutral detergent fiber values ranged from 33% (spring) to 53% (summer) at Quarry 1 and Field. Variations in relative forage value suggested that plantain may potentially supply a quality forage during the whole year. Our findings substantially indicate that the studied plantain accessions have the potential to supply fodder all year long. This suggests that it can be grown as an interesting alternative for providing quality forage in rainfed Mediterranean areas and can satisfactorily complement other fodder sources.