Translating Material Science into Bone Regenerative MedicineApplications: State-of-The Art Methods and Protocols

In the last 20 years, bone regenerative research has experienced exponential growth thanksto the discovery of new nanomaterials and improved manufacturing technologies that have emergedin the biomedical field. This revolution demands standardization of methods employed for biomate-rials characterization in order to achieve comparable, interoperable, and reproducible results. Theexploited methods for characterization span from biophysics and biochemical techniques, includingmicroscopy and spectroscopy, functional assays for biological properties, and molecular profiling.This review aims to provide scholars with a rapid handbook collecting multidisciplinary methodsfor bone substitute R&D and validation, getting sources from an up-to-date and comprehensiveexamination of the scientific landscape.