Novel hypoglycemia phenotype in congenital hyperinsulinism due to dominant mutations of uncoupling protein 2

Context: The rarest genetic form of congenital hyperinsulinism (HI) has been associated with dominant inactivating mutations in uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), a mitochondrial inner membrane carrier that modulates oxidation of glucose vs amino acids. Objective: To evaluate the frequency of UCP2 mutations in children with HI and phenotypic features of this form of HI. Design: We examined 211 children with diazoxide-responsive HI seen at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) between 1997 and October 2016. Setting: CHOP Clinical and Translational Research Center. Results: Of 211 cases of diazoxide-responsive HI, we identified 5 unrelated children with UCP2 mutations (5 of 211; 2.4%). All 5 were diagnosed with HI before 6 months of age; diazoxide treatment was only partly effective in 3 of the 5. Among the 5 cases, 4 unique mutations (3 missense and 1 splicing) were identified. Three mutations were novel; 1 was previously reported. In vitro functional assays showed 30% to 75% decrease in UCP2 activity. Two of the children, when not taking diazoxide, developed hypoketotic-hypoglycemia after fasting 15 to 20 hours; a similar trend toward hypoglycemia after fasting 24 hours occurred in 4 adult carriers. In contrast, both children and 2 of the 4 carriers developed symptomatic hypoglycemia 4 hours following oral glucose. Unusual oscillating glucose and insulin responses to oral glucose were seen in both cases and carriers. Conclusions: These data indicate that dominant UCP2 mutations are a more important cause of HI than has been recognized and that affected individuals are markedly hypersensitive to glucoseinduced hypoglycemia.