Imaging the episodic growth of a magmatic reservoir beneath the megacity of Naples

Campi Flegrei caldera (South Italy) is among the areas with the highest volcanic risk in the world due to about 1 million people living within and around the caldera borders. In recent years Campi Flegrei caldera has experienced an accelerating uplift rate of the ground deformation. In particular, during the April 2012 - January 2013 time interval the caldera has shown a rapid uplift of about 6 cm with a peak rate of about 3 cm/month. This event led the Italian Civil Protection to raise the alert level from green to yellow. In this scenario, we applied a joint inversion technique to DInSAR and GPS measurements, recorded between 2012 and 2013 at Campi Flegrei caldera, to image the kinematics of the emplacement of a magmatic sill beneath the caldera. In particular, we exploited the displacement time series that we obtained by processing 90 SAR images acquired from the COSMO-SkyMed sensor constellation along ascending orbits via the well-known DInSAR algorithm referred to as SBAS algorithm, and the displacement measurements provided by 14 continuous GPS stations deployed within the caldera and belonging to the permanent INGV-OV monitoring network. We applied a geodetic imaging technique to determine the spatial and temporal evolution of the ground deformation source in the selected period. The preliminary results show that the most likely source has a planar geometry and is located at a depth of about 2700 m; this is in good agreement with earlier studies relevant to previous intervals proposing that the ground deformation source at Campi Flegrei consists in an inflating sill. The retrieved temporal pattern of the source geometry reflects that of a growing sill that, at the end of the considered period, has a roughly elliptical geometry with an extension of about 6 km in the EW direction and about 4 km in the NS one. The maximum aperture of the sill is of about 30 cm at its center. To understand the dynamics of this phenomenon we used a numerical model of the emplacement of a magmatic sill, to fit the retrieved geometry. The parameters to be determined are: the average magma viscosity, the amount of magma already present in the sill before the 2012-2013 episode and the magma injection rate. The achieved results show that the most likely value for the viscosity is between 103 -104 Pa·s and that to justify the observed deformation pattern it is required that the reservoir should have contained at least 1010 kg of liquid magma before 2012. The injection rate has two main peaks on September and December 2012, and a smaller one on March 2013. The first two peaks have a value of about 400 kg/s and a duration of 3-4 months. The total amount of injected magma is of about 8.2·1010 kg. The magma viscosity value suggests that it has a femic composition; this agrees with recent findings in the analysis of gas geochemistry, which have shown that its magmatic source is a trachybasalt. The first peak is associated with a seismic swarm, located beneath the town of Pozzuoli. The swarm consisted in about 200 earthquakes (maximum magnitude 1.8) occurring within an interval of about 1.5 hours. The hypocenters were located outside the area usually affected by microearthquakes in the previous years. Our finite element structural mechanical modeling shows that the inferred source caused a marked increase in the maximum shear stress along the rim of the sill. Indeed hypocenters were located very close to the northern edge of the growing magmatic reservoir. Our findings suggest a key to interpret the caldera unrest that, started about 60 years ago, has led to a maximum uplift in the area of more than 3 m. Consequently, the observed uplift phenomenon could be interpreted in terms of injection of limited magma batches feeding the growth of a shallow magmatic