The petrogenesis of chemically zoned, phonolitic, Plinian and sub-Plinian eruptions of Somma-Vesuvius, Italy: Role of accessory phase removal, independently filled magma reservoirs with time, and transition from slightly to highly silica undersaturated magmatic series in an ultrapotassic stratovolcano

A mineralogical, major, LA-ICP-MS trace element mineral chemistry and bulk-rock geochemical study of juvenile samples of the Mercato, Avellino, Pompeii and Pollena eruptions, collected in stratigraphically and volcano logically well-characterized sections of the Somma-Vesuvius stratovolcano (Roman Magmatic Province), along with reference data on the 1944 CE and the Pomici di Base eruptions, highlights the compositional variability of bulk-rock and glass from leucite phonotephrite to garnet-bearing phonolite. The latter products have extreme fractionation of trace elements (e.g., La/Ybn = 126, Zr/Y = 89, Zr/Hf =78, Nb/Ta = 40; Th/U = 2.3), very low Sc, V, Y, HREE and very high As, Tl, Cs, Pb, Th and U. The Pomici di Base products, older than the eruptions described above, range from leucite-bearing shoshonites to trachytes, are devoid of garnet and belong to an independent liquid-line-of-descent, having also different fractionation between trace elements (e.g., La/Ybn = 15; Zr/Y = 12.4, Zr/Hf = 50, Nb/Ta = 15.6; Th/U = 3 in the Pomici di Base trachytes). A marked chemical variability of the observed phases is found. The geochemistry of garnet, amphibole, clinopyroxene and other phases shows wide variations of concentrations and elemental ratios (e.g., La/Ybn up to 520 in the sadanagaite coexisting with garnet). The magmatic evolution is dominated by low-pressure, oxidized, nearly closed-system fractional crystallization of clinopyroxene, plagioclase, leucite, ±magnetite, ±biotite, ±olivine and apatite in the transition tephrite-phonotephrite, and of potassic sanidine (±hyalophane), Fe-clinopyroxene, melanite garnet ±Fe-amphibole in the transition tephriphonolite-phonolite. Mineralogic and geochemical evidence and modelling points out the existence of independent, zoned magma batches throughout the activity of the stratovolcano, which possibly started to crystallize at similar depths. The Somma-Vesuvius magmas thus evolved in shallow independent reservoirs with respect to those of the neighbouring volcanic complexes (Campi Flegrei, Ischia) as shown, for instance, by the contrasting compositional trends of clinopyroxene and amphibole, and have very limited evidence of crustal contamination (and/or carbonate assimilation).