Il contributo della social enterprise alla rigenerazione del Paesaggio Storico Urbano. Il caso Devonport della città di Plymouth in UK

Considering urban landscape and social entrepreneurship as elements subject to osmosis (Aldrich & Zimmer, 1986) permits enlarging the field in terms of urban heritage protection, development of community capacity and improvement of entrepreneurial capacities. Also, considering the hybrid condition in which coexists social and economic values - and taking into account circular subsidiarity, which enables improvement of performance in terms of policies and practices of institutional bodies in both the private and civil spheres (Fusco Girard, 2014; Zamagni, 2011). The "Historical Urban Landscape Approach" (UNESCO, 2011) represents the more recent and effective thesis regarding identification, conservation and enhancement of urban heritage in the scientific and political debate at the international level. This approach considers the systemic interrelation among economic, social, environmental and cultural factors enabling us to analyse urban heritage as a living, dynamic and highly complex organism. In order to respond to the UNESCO request of analysing and testing tools that make operative this approach, this work has developed a comparative analysis between thirteen selected tools within the socio-economic field, both traditional and innovative, and identifying the social enterprise as effective tool for the regeneration of the urban heritage. The specific objectives of the research consist of: developing an evaluative grid for assessment of the social impact of social enterprises that is integrated with complex urban landscape values (Fusco Girard, 2014), selecting a suitable model for evaluation of social impact and selecting a case study in order to test empirically explored data through the grounded based model (Corbin & Strauss, 2014) and checking the evaluative grid.The city of Plymouth was selected as case study because it was recognized as the first "Social Enterprise City" in which the interdependency between regeneration of the urban landscape through the cultural heritage and promotion of social entrepreneurship is particularly relevant; the development of the case study aimed at integrating quantitative and qualitative data with direct observation of places and direct interaction with social, political and economic operators involved in the regeneration process in Plymouth. The method Social Return On Investment (SROI) was used because it can combine social dimension with economic and because it can be used in participatory way. A specific project was selected, one developed and implemented by Real Ideas Organisation (RIO), a social enterprise active in Devonport, the most deprived neighbourhood of Plymouth. The project has had a strong impact within the context of the regeneration of Devonport, in particular with regard to the renewal and reopening to the public of the Devonport Column (John Foulston, 1824). The historical column characterized by a symbolic value for the nation and for local, thanks to the RIO's work is visitable and offers a view over the city and the bay of Plymouth. Social impact assessment, developed with the Social Return on Investment method (Alex Nicholls, 2012; Nicholls, Nicholls, & Paton, 2015), and the integration of complex urban landscape values (Fusco Girard, 2014), has demonstrated that investing in activities related to reuse of cultural heritage can have a positive impact on the surrounding urban landscape, increasing its value - and on the local community in social and economic terms as well as on the entire urban system, which receives new benefits as a result of becoming a new cultural and tourist destination. It is possible to derive from fieldwork others implications in terms of economic analysis (Esposito De Vita & Ragozino, 2015; Gendron, 1996; Porter & Kramer, 2011), social cap