Aerosol Characterization and Direct Radiative Forcing Assessment over the Ocean. Part I: Methodology and Sensitivity Analysis

A method based on the synergistic use of low earth orbit (LEO) and geostationary earth orbit (GEO) satellite data for aerosol-type characterization, as well as aerosol optical thickness (AOT) retrieval and monitoring over the ocean, is presented. These properties are used for the estimation of the direct shortwave aerosol radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere. The synergy serves the purpose of monitoring aerosol events at the GEO time and space scales while maintaining the accuracy level achieved with LEO instruments. Aerosol optical properties representative of the atmospheric conditions are obtained from the inversion of high-spectral-resolution measurements from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME). The aerosol optical properties are input for radiative transfer calculations for the retrieval of the AOT from GEO visible broadband measurements, avoiding the use of fixed aerosol models available in the literature. The retrieved effective aerosol optical properties represent an essential component for the aerosol radiative forcing assessment. A sensitivity analysis is also presented to quantify the effects that changes on the aerosol model may have on modeled results of spectral reflectance, AOT, and direct shortwave aerosol radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere. The impact on modeled values of the physical assumptions on surface reflectance and vertical profiles of ozone and water vapor are analyzed. Results show that the aerosol model is the main factor influencing the investigated radiative variables. Results of the application of the method to several significant aerosol events, as well as their validation, are presented in a companion paper.