Improving the use of grazed forage in Mediterranean ruminant systems issues, options and perspectives

Mediterranean small-ruminant systems (MSRS) have undergone an intensification process triggered by local and global changes. Recent research suggests that such tendency should be reversed. This paper provides insight about how increasing the contribution of pastures (natural or improved) to the feeding system can improve MSRS' sustainability. Products from grazing animals are ethically appreciated and display good nutritional quality, specific organoleptic characteristics and possibly a longer shelf-life; they can be traced, and thus differentiated. The large surface area of pasture gives MSRS a head start in terms of carbon sequestration, which can be increased further by an appropriate grazing and feeding management. Technical options to increase grazed grass in MSRS include: (1) producing locally-adapted seed mixtures for grasslands; (2) increasing the proportion of legumes in the pastures; (3) managing grazing in order to maximize the amount and quality of intake; (4) matching pasture diversity to animal requirements and/or providing strategic supplementation; (5) reconsidering the value of trees and the interest of foliage as forage. Technologies can help to improve farmers' working conditions and build the ecological knowledge necessary to implement adaptive management strategies. At a socio-political level, it is important to recognize the peculiarities of silvopastoral systems, value the ecosystem services rendered, foster collective management solutions and facilitate interconnection with other activities.