The relationship between the dietary inflammatory index (DII®) and incident depressive symptoms: A longitudinal cohort study

Background: Diet is a common source of inflammation, and inflammation is associated with depression. Weexamined the association between the dietary inflammatory index (DII®), a validated measure of infl ammatorypotential of the diet, and risk of depression in a cohort of older North American adults.Methods: This longitudinal study, with a follow-up of 8 years, included 3648 participants (1577 males, 2071females; mean age: 60.6 years) with/at risk of knee osteoarthritis. DII®scores were calculated using the validatedBlock Brief 2000 Food-Frequency Questionnaire. Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression-20 scale wasused to define depressive symptoms. The relationship between baseline DII®score and incident depression wasassessed through Cox's regression analysis, adjusted for potential confounders, and reported as hazard ratios(HRs).Results: In total, 837 individuals (310 men and 527 women) developed incident depressive symptoms over thecourse of 8 years. Participants in the most pro-inflammatory group (quartile 4) had approximately 24% higherrisk of developing depressive symptoms compared to subjects with the most anti-inflammatory diet (HR: 1.24;95% CI: 1.01-1.53; p = 0.04).Conclusion: These results suggest that a pro-inflammatory diet may be associated with higher incidence of de-pressive symptoms in a cohort of older Americans. Transitioning to a more anti-inflammatory diet may reducedepression risk.