Da Vinci's observation of turbulence: a study that aims to reproduce with the ?-LES-SPH method the physics behind one of his drawings

This research activity was started in 2019 for the 500th anniversary of Leonardo da Vinci's death. Our Italian-French research group focused its attention on a famous drawing of da Vinci where a water jet impacts on a pool (RCIN 912660 The Windsor Collection). This particular drawing has been often used by many fluid dynamicists as a first important document concerning turbulent flows. It is worth noting that the word "turbulence", one of the most important phenomena in fluid dynamics, was used for the first time by da Vinci, in the "Atlantic codex". After a detailed study of different historical documents, we tried to reproduce with the ?-LES-SPH model at best the flow drawn in the sheet RCIN 912660, in order to better analyze the different descriptions that Leonardo reported beside his drawing.