Cavitation and ventilation modalities during ditching

The flow taking place in the rear part of the fuselage during the emergency landing on water is investigated experimentally in realistic conditions. To this aim, tests on a double curvature specimen have been performed at horizontal velocities ranging from 21 m/s to 45 m/s. Test data highlight different cavitation and/or ventilation modalities which are strongly dependent on the horizontal velocity, with substantial changes in the flow features occurring with velocity variations of few meters per second. For the specimen considered here, the inception of the cavitation is found at about 30 m/s, confirming that scaled model tests performed at small horizontal velocities are unable to capture the hydrodynamics correctly. By analyzing pressure data, underwater movies, and force measurements, it is shown that the transition from the cavitation to ventilation condition has a significant effect on the longitudinal distribution of the loading which, together with inertia, aerodynamic loads, and engine thrust, governs the aircraft dynamics.