Is PPARG the key gene in Diabetic Retinopathy?

iabetic retinopathy (DR), a microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus, is major cause of non-inherited blindness among adults. Despite its diffusion, knowledge about underlying molecular mechanisms is far from complete. In recent years, intricate connections between prominent molecules and pathways in DR onset and progression, such as advanced glycation end products, oxidative stress and inflammation, have been elucidated. Biochemical, genetics and functional studies strongly indicate peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma (PPAR³), a pleiotropic transcription factor, as primary target in DR treatment. In this issue, Song et al., describe the role of PPAR³ in DR-related disorders, illustrating PPAR³-mediated inhibition of diabetes-induced leukostasis and leakage, and its beneficial role in modulating inflammation, angiogeneis and apoptosis in retinal and endothelial cells. Moreover, authors provide a description of alternative medicines for DR treatment, such as plant-derived natural PPAR³ ligands, proposing their use - in combination with standard therapies - for modulation of DR.