The technology tree in the design of glucose biosensors

The remarkable trend of biosensor technology for glucose monitoring driving towards nanotechnology has been widely demonstrated in the last decades by the multifarious research activities in this field. Actually, the convergence of cross cutting technologies beside nanotechnology boosted further progress in the last few years towards the design of low-cost, simple, disposable, and sustainable biosensing devices for point-of-care testing. Further efforts should be focalised towards the development of forefront wearable sensors able providing simple and non-invasive sampling (e.g. exploiting smart nanostructured epidermal sensors). This review is an update of our previous article in Biosensors and Bioelectronics 2013, 47, 12-25, with special focus on the progress over the period between 2013 and 2019 on vibrant functional materials (e.g. graphene and paper), last generation sensors (e.g. wearable sensors), and up-to-the-minute technologies (e.g. 3D printing) for glucose sensing.