Pests and diseases in the native and European range of Douglas-fir

Douglas-fir pests and diseases have been well studied in the native North American range. While records show that more than 250 species of phytophagous arthropods and several hundred species of fungi develop on this tree species, only a few of them have so far been introduced to Europe. It is therefore important to identify the species that may be introduced. Identifying the precise steps in the colonisation process of pests native to Europe is also necessary in order to understand which tree structures have to be surveyed more carefully in the future