Explosion, earthquake, and ambient noise recordings in a Pliocene sediment-filled valley: Inferences on seismic response properties by reference-and non-reference-site techniques

Explosion, earthquake, and ambient noise recordings were collected at the eastern edge of a Pliocene sediment-filled valley, nearby the town of San Casciano dei Bagni (Tuscany, Central Italy). The anomalous amplification of amplitudes (as high as a factor of 20 between sediment and hard-rock sites) shown by classical spectral ratios were compared with results obtained by using non-reference-site techniques, like that of Nakamura (1989) and its receiver-function-like extension.