Using diatoms to assess geographical patterns of change in high-latitude European lakes from pre-industrial time to present day

Baseline and historical environmental data are sparse in high-altitude regions. Diatom assemblages preserved in lake sediment records can, however, provide proxy data of past environmental and biological conditions. Sediment cores were retrieved from 209 high altitude lakes from 11 countries in Europe. Diatoms were extracted and counted from surface-sediment samples and sediments representing pre-industrial conditions. Regional changes in diatom assemblages covering at least the last c. 150 years are discussed and quantified using ordination techniques and dissimilarity indices. Distinct changes in diatom composition are identified and regional patterns highlighted, with two lake regions showing particularly large changes in diatom composition (Central Swiss Alps and the Pyrenees). Several driving mechanisms that might have caused the changes in the diatom community are discussed. Pre-industrial and present-day lake-water pH are inferred from the diatom assemblages and their prediction accuracy compared to contemporary water-chemistry measurements for each lake. Regional pH changes are minimal with no lake region exceeding 0.27 pH units of change in the period covering the last c. 150 years. The majority of lakes studied show an increase in planktonic diatom species over the period covering the past c. 150 years. We hypothesise that changes in the ratio of planktonic to non-planktonic diatoms within the study lake-regions are related to changes in climate and to associated changes in nutrients, ice-cover and erosion caused by climate warming.