Configuration of Membrane Distillation

In membrane distillation (MD), the liquid phase including dissolved components is retained by a hydrophobic membrane, while the microporous structure allows the transport of volatile components. The vapor pressure difference across the membrane is the driving force and can be achieved using a variety of configurations. Several methods can be employed to drive the transmembrane flux, where MD systems are classified according to the nature of the permeate side of the membrane. In this chapter, possible MD configurations, along with their advantages and drawbacks, a detailed description of the relationships and models for heat and mass transport through the membrane, and an explanation of polarization phenomena are discussed. Moreover, the historical progression of MD configurations, patents, and pilot plant setups are presented.