Occurrence, distribution and pollution pattern of legacy and emerging organic pollutants in surface water of the Kongsfjorden (Svalbard, Norway): Environmental contamination, seasonal trend and climate change

This work aimed to investigate the contamination pattern in Kongsfjorden marine environment (Svalbard, 79oN
12oE) and to disentangle primary and secondary emissions. Surface seawater, sampled in two seasons, was
analysed by GC-MS and LC-MS/MS to detect polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs), nonylphenols (NPs), bisphenol A (BPA) and perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). In
summer, average ?PAHs, BPA, ?NPs, ?PFASs and ?PCBs concentrations were 17.3 ± 11.1 ng/L, 0.9 ± 0.3 ng/L,
10.0 ± 6.9 ng/L, 0.4 ± 0.7 ng/L and 1.8 ± 1.3 pg/L, respectively; while in winter, they were 13.6 ± 10.1 ng/L,
0.5 ± 0.2 ng/L, 6.8 ± 3.3 ng/L, models (GLMs) highlighted that: PFAS pattern agrees their predominant long-range hydrospheric transport; the
additive effect of the distance to glacier and harbour affected PAH, NP and BPA distributions; the additive effect
of season and distance from the glacier, but not their interaction, influenced PCBs distribution, indicating melting
glaciers as potential secondary POP sources.