Phyllostoxin and phyllostin, bioactive metabolites produced by Phyllosticta cirsii, a potential mycoherbicide for Cirsium arvense biocontrol

Phyllosticta cirsii, a fungal pathogen isolated from diseased Cirsium arvense leaves and evaluated
as a biocontrol agent of this noxious perennial weed, produces different phytotoxic metabolites with
potential herbicidal activity when grown in liquid cultures. Phyllostictines A-D, four novel oxazatricycloalkenones,
were recently isolated from this pathogen and chemically and biologically characterized.
Further purification of the same organic extract provided two other metabolites, named
phyllostoxin (1) and phyllostin (2), which were characterized by spectroscopic technique (essentially
NMR and MS). Phyllostoxin and phyllostin proved to be a new pentasubstituted bicyclo-octatrienyl
acetic acid ester and a new pentasubstituted hexahydrobenzodioxine carboxylic acid methyl ester,
respectively. When tested on punctured C. arvense leaves, phyllostoxin proved to be highly phytotoxic,
causing rapid and large necrosis, whereas phyllostin had no phytotoxicity in this bioassay. This is
not surprising, considering the noteworthy structural differences between the two compounds,
suggesting the presence of active functional groups in phyllostoxin not present in the other metabolite.
These results further support the focused approach of finding novel metabolites with herbicidal
properties by looking at the culture extracts of weed fungal pathogens.